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Have you ever wondered where you'd stand in history during events like slavery, apartheid in South Africa, the forced displacement of indigenous peoples, the Armenian genocide, or the Holocaust? If so, take a moment to reflect: Are the Congolese people deserving of your attention and support? Are they worth boycotting companies for? After pondering these questions, you may already know which side you'd be on. "You can’t convince yesterday’s colonizer that today’s colonizer is wrong." Let its meaning sink in. Photo by Zach Wear  on Unsplash Erased Souls The unsolved resolutions, the draft proposals left unimplemented, are costing lives. The genocide in the Democratic Republic of the Congo stands as one of the most tragic events in world history, resulting in the deaths of eight to ten million people and leaving countless others seriously injured. Yes. Eight million souls. Can you truly grasp what that means? 800 000 lives lost. 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No, that was not near 8 million.  The genocide in the Congo is one of the most forgotten crimes against the African people. A Brief History Of  The Democratic Republic of the Congo The history of the country's statehood began as the private property of the king (the Congo Free State), then the country became a colony (the Belgian Congo), and finally gained independence in 1960 and was named the Republic of the Congo. Later, the name of the country changed three times historically due to the era of colonial rule and political events. The changes were as follows: The Democratic Republic of the Congo — Zaire — Democratic Republic of the Congo again. Pre-clonal time:   Even before the colonial times, there were contradictions in the country during the 15th and 17th centuries. Important historical States emerged in the Sahara region: The Kingdom of Congo, Luba and Lunda. Their political system implied the existence of the power of the king, backed by military force.  This era also saw the widespread slave trade and continual power struggles among competing factions for royal power. Colonial times:  In 1885, Leopold II, King of Belgium, created the Congo Free State on these lands and decided to enrich himself by collecting and exporting natural rubber. His policy was extremely cruel and (5-10) million of the country's inhabitants became victims[2]. Further, in 1908, the king sold the state to the Belgian government, and thus the country became a colony of Belgium and was renamed the Belgian Congo. An independent state:  After gaining independence in 1960, the Republic of the Congo suffered from the Congolese crisis[3], formed as a result of contradictions between the conservative President Joseph Kasa-vubu and the more liberal-minded Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba.  The desire for independence among several territories, beginning with the Katanga region and spreading to others, reinforced the tensions. The Prime Minister tried to fight separatism while using harsh measures. However, his assassination by soldiers only fueled further uprisings. This resulted in a military coup and the establishment of a personal dictatorship. The resulting instability led to the outbreak of the First and Second Congolese Wars, which resulted in millions of deaths before 2002. Stains Of Blood In Your Hand, And It Is Not Your Fault--Or Is It? What does injustice mean to you, and when does it become intolerable? Is it when you read that many countries use machines for mining, but in the DR Congo, people, including children and women that have babies strapped to their backs, are compelled to dig with their bare hands for over 12 hours a day, earning barely enough to cover basic necessities. Does this inequality trouble you? Perhaps it's easier for us [You] to speak out against injustice than to actively address it. “The bottom of the supply chain, where almost all the world's cobalt is coming from, is a horror show.” — Siddharth Kara, author of “Cobalt red”, NY Times bestselling author and Pulitzer Prize finalist An artisanal miner carries a sack of ore at the Shabara artisanal mine near Kolwezi, DRC, on Oct. 12, 2022. Junior Kannah/AFP via Getty Images DR Congo's heavy reliance on minerals like cobalt for its economic sustenance, it's evident that there are workers engaged in extracting these minerals for exportation. However, it's regrettable that those involved in cobalt mining labor in DR Congo are working in terrible working conditions, which we will address in more detail. Kara, a researcher at Harvard University's Kennedy School, who has been researching the problems of modern slavery, human trafficking and child labor for two years, shared that there are more cobalt reserves in the Congo than in the rest of the planet combined. In her book “Cobalt red”  she highlights that cobalt mining is carried out by workers doing extremely dangerous work for an unfair amount that is equivalent to a few dollars a day. “People work in inhuman, grinding, degrading conditions. They use picks, shovels, and pieces of rebar to cut and dig through trenches, pits, and tunnels to collect cobalt and feed it into the official supply chain.” — Siddharth Kara, the book “Cobalt red” Moreover, the mining industry has radically changed the nature of the country: many trees have been cut down, the air is constantly filled with dust, and people are forced to breathe it… Kara continues: “Cobalt is toxic when touched and breathed – and hundreds of thousands of poor Congolese touch and inhale it day after day. Young mothers with babies strapped to their backs, all inhale this toxic cobalt and dust.” Was Corruption Destined for DR Congo? When examining the economy of the DR Congo, it's evident that the country possesses abundant natural resources, yet simultaneously suffers from poverty, insufficient infrastructure, and corruption, among other challenges. This explains why the extraction and export of minerals like copper, cobalt, and diamonds form the most important and strongest part of the DR Congo's economy. Undoubtedly, corruption is an incredibly important part of the problem. Congo is an impoverished country [1] and has been subject to wars, slave trade, looting and instability for a long time. Well-known foreign companies offer a large amount of money to carry out activities to extract the minerals they need. What if corruption didn’t exist in DR Congo? Can a country rich in resources stay free from corruption, or is it destined for DR Congo to be a corrupt country? President Patrice Lumumba, the first ruler of an independent republic elected through democratic elections after independence in 1960, promised that the country's wealth (including mineral resources) would be used for the benefit of the inhabitants. Within six months, he was overthrown and brutally murdered , and his body was dissolved in acid. In the shortest possible time, he was replaced by a corrupt dictator who returned mining to the “right track”. Reliable charitable organizations to make donations: UN Democratic Republic of the Congo Humanitarian Fund: https://crisisrelief.un.org/t/drc#:~:text=The%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the,managed%20locally%20under%20UN%20leadership . Save the Children: https://www.savethechildren.org/us/where-we-work/democratic-republic-of-congo UNHCR Fund: https://donate.unhcr.org/int/en/democratic-republic-congo-emergency Remember: Letting greed come before humanity, turning a blind eye to the suffering, is a choice. Just like that their futures were/ and still are erased, as the world[You] remains silent it is causing the resolutions to remain unresolved. The following companies use slave labor from Congo: Electra Battery Materials Corp, Apple, Dell Technologies, Microsoft, Tesla, Samsung, Sony, Mercedes, Volkswagen, LG.[4], is buying from them still worth it? Notes: 1. Comparing atrocities should never diminish the suffering of any group. Each tragedy deserves recognition and remembrance on its own terms. When posing questions about historical events, the intention isn't to equate or downplay their severity. Instead, it's to prompt readers to reflect on their moral stance in history, not through comparison, but through reflection on the ethical lessons of our time. Periods are put when the sentence ends, I didn't see the point in putting a period at the end of the number 1, when the lives of innocent people aren't ending. It's clear that the devices we rely on are made with the labor of workers in Congo mining cobalt. Remaining silent while these workers endure harsh conditions doesn't sit right with us. Our devices run on batteries, and what do these batteries contain? Cobalt- mined by Congolese workers who are paying with their health and lives. Knowing this, we can't stay silent. We feel a moral obligation to consistently address the human rights of Congolese workers, as long as the battery in our phone remains charged. Refrences [1] “What we do.” UNICEF , https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/en/what-we-do . Accessed 15 April 2024. [2] “The Free State of the Congo, a hidden history of genocide - Col·leccio Marull.” Ajuntament Barcelona , https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/gabinetpostal/lestat-lliure-del-congo-un-genocidi-a-lombra/?lang=en . Accessed 18 April 2024. [3]“Congo Crisis.” Oxford Reference , https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095632191 . Accessed 28 April 2024. [4] Ogao, Emma. “US court absolves top tech companies in Congo's child labor case.” ABC News , 6 March 2024, https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-court-absolves-top-tech-companies-congos-child/story?id=107839639 . Accessed 22 April 2024.

Writer: Amina Mehmood  Listen to the article from here 🎧 Welcome to the second article of our mini-series , Women’s Rights Of Yesterday And Today. This series, written by Amina, explores the global rights of women, from how they dress to how control over their bodies is often placed in the hands of others. Women's autonomy is a constant conflict between individual preference and governmental authority in many regions of the world. One of the most striking examples of this tension can be seen in Iran, where the mandatory hijab law has become a symbol of the broader debate over freedom and social obligation. Iranian law has required women to wear the headscarf in public since 1979, regardless of their personal preferences. This enforced conformity goes beyond fabric; it symbolizes a broader system of oppression where the government dictates how women should live, speak, and exist!  Meaning of Hijab:  Hijab is an Arabic word that means barrier/partition. Islamically, there is a broader meaning. It is believed to be a principle of modesty and includes behaviour as well as the attire for males and females. The most visible form of hijab is a scarf that covers the head and neck that many women of different religions wear.  Photo by   Javad Esmaeili  on   Unsplash Pakistani travelers in Qom, Iran. This photo is not directly related to the article's topic. Historical Timeline of Hijab Policies and Women's Rights in Iran Pre-Revolution Era In 1936 , Reza Shah Pahlavi issued a mandate known as Kashf-e Hijab , banning all types of veils, including the hijab, as part of a broader modernization campaign. The police forcibly removed the hijabs of many women, sparking outrage in conservative communities. The Kashf-e Hijab  policy was abolished five years later. However, for some time, wearing the hijab was associated with backwardness. Unveiled women were often seen as belonging to the educated and professional upper or middle class, while veiled women were perceived as coming from traditional religious backgrounds with little education [1] . Iranian Revolution and Mandatory Hijab In 1979 , Iran’s new government imposed a mandatory public dress code for all women, requiring them to wear the hijab. This law, implemented by Ayatollah Khomeini, the country's first Supreme Leader, mandates that women must cover their hair and wear loose-fitting clothing. An improper hijab is defined as exposing any part of the body below the neck and above the ankles.  [2]. 2005: The Morality Police In 2005 , the Iranian government reinforced the Gasht-e Ershad (Guidance Patrol), commonly known as the morality police. Their primary duty is to monitor public attire and behavior, ensuring compliance with the dress code. This includes inspecting women’s hijabs, stopping individuals in public for questioning, detaining those deemed non-compliant, issuing fines, and conducting so-called ‘re-education’ sessions. The morality police have become notorious for their aggressive enforcement tactics, often using verbal and physical abuse to maintain control  [3] . 2022: Protests and Growing Resistance Over the years, the state’s strict enforcement of hijab laws has fueled growing resentment. However, the death of Mahsa Amini in 2022 –after being detained by the morality police caused a widespread protest movement and brought international attention to the issue. Demonstrations erupted across Iran, highlighting broader demands for women's rights and greater personal freedoms  [4]. Disclaimer: The text above provides a brief overview of the history of hijab policies in Iran. We encourage further research to gain a deeper understanding of the historical context and the ongoing struggles surrounding this issue. Women in Iran and the Price of Noncompliance In Iran, a woman’s right to exist in public spaces is dictated by a piece of fabric—the hijab. Without it, women are denied entry to government buildings, courtrooms, schools, and universities [5]. A woman without a hijab may also be refused access to buses, metros, and even flights. Employment, both in the public and private sectors, is off-limits. Women who disobey the hijab laws face escalating fines and penalties. A first offense can result in a fine between 6 and 24 million Iranian rials. A second offense increases the fine to 24–50 million rials, and repeated violations can lead to fines of up to 100 million rials. If a woman is caught multiple times, she may also face a travel ban of up to two years or even imprisonment. Foreigners who violate the dress code risk being denied residency or having their passports confiscated [6]. But the Iranian regime does not rely on fines alone. Advanced surveillance systems, including AI-driven facial recognition, track women both in public and private spaces. Authorities monitor online conversations, flag individuals for interrogation or arrest, and use automated technology to detect and remove any content deemed ‘non-compliant’ [7]. A Name That Became a Revolution: Mahsa Amini Talking about Iran and the forced hijab would be incomplete without mentioning Mahsa Amini. An innocent young woman, who endured cruelty, all in the name of "God" and "proper clothing." Her life was stolen, not for a crime, but for a strand of hair out of place.  Mahsa Amini, 22 years old, was arrested in the streets of Tehran for allegedly wearing her headscarf improperly. She was beaten, dragged into custody, and sent to a so-called “reform” center, a place designed to break women into submission. But instead of reformation, Mahsa endured brutal violence. Within hours, she fell into a coma. Days later, she was dead [8] . Yet, instead of being silenced by fear, Iranian women took to the streets, risking everything to demand freedom. They burned their hijabs, cut their hair, and faced armed forces with nothing but their voices and will.  Faith or Force?  For many Muslim women, the hijab is a deeply personal expression of faith. But faith cannot be dictated, it must be chosen. Even women who voluntarily wear the hijab in Iran recognize that when the state enforces it, it stops being an act of devotion. Instead, it becomes a symbol of control. Regardless of the era, the hijab in Iran has been more than just a dress code, it has been a tool of control. It tells a story of repression, not faith. Under the Pahlavi dynasty, veiling was banned in an attempt to impose Westernization, leading many women to wear the hijab in retaliation of forced modernity. Decades later, under the Islamic Republic, the situation reversed. Mandatory veiling became a symbol of state control, and removing it grew into an act of rebellion.  This cycle of repression and control over women's bodies raises an important question:  Can faith ever flourish if it is imposed by force? Notes From R&M: The mandatory hijab law in Iran was meant to enforce cultural and religious values, but instead, it has created nationwide resistance and demands for personal freedom. After Mahsa Amini’s death, Iranian women risked detention, abuse, and even death by taking to the streets in protest. The fight for personal freedom continues through movements like the White Wednesday  campaign [9], where women wear white scarves and show support on social media.  Although reports suggest that the morality police have been discontinued, enforcement of dress codes and restrictions on women’s freedoms remain in place through other means. [10] REFERENCE:  [1] Eighty Five Years On, The Shah’s Ban On Hijab Still Divides | Iran International [2] Iranian women - before and after the Islamic Revolution [3] What to Know About Iran's Morality Police | TIME [4] Mahsa Amini: Woman dies after arrest by Iran’s morality police | Women News | Al Jazeera [5] Women This Week: Iran Bans Women Without Hijabs from Education and Health Services | Council on Foreign Relations . [6] Iran: New Hijab Law Adds Restrictions and Punishments | Human Rights Watch [7] Iran Says Face Recognition Will ID Women Breaking Hijab Laws | WIRED [8] What happened to Mahsa/Zhina Amini? - Amnesty International [9] Why Iranian women are wearing white on Wednesdays [10] Why Iranian women are burning their hijabs after the death of Mahsa Amini

“What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another.”            — Mahatma Gandhi Palm oil has become the world’s most widely used vegetable oil, found in everything from food to cosmetics to biofuels. Although sustainable production of the oil is possible, the rising consumption and growing demand increases the risk of deforestation of tropical rainforests to make way for plantations. The destruction threatens biodiversity while also releasing significant greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Indonesian Rainforests — Rainforest Action Network. Photo: David Gilbert The role of palm oil in the global market Palm oil, being a widely attractive ingredient due to its characteristics – texture, taste, and consistency – as well as its affordability, is found in approximately half of all supermarket products. Some of the most common examples for palm oil implication include biofuels, shampoo, body lotion, and packaged foods. On a global scale, it meets a significant portion of all vegetable oil demands, at the same time requiring a relatively small percentage of land dedicated to producing vegetable oils, as reported by the International Institute for Sustainable Development. The palm oil sector has experienced significant growth in recent years, with its market value exceeding USD 50 billion in 2021[1]. With a projected compound annual growth rate of around four percent, reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations further emphasize the increasing production of palm oil. Economic impact of Indonesia’s palm oil trade One of Indonesia's biggest exports, palm oil is in massive demand by leading purchasers China, India, and the EU. But the Indonesian government has promoted increased domestic use over the past few years, especially for biodiesel production. This had the result of leaving less palm oil available for people to use for cooking, driving prices higher in 2021 and 2022. To assist in managing the crisis, the government placed export bans and taxes to maintain supplies stable. However, the industry has much broader impacts beyond economics. The supply chains exporting to China, India, and Indonesia are associated with far higher deforestation rates than those supplying to the EU. As a result, these three countries are responsible for most of the deforestation linked to Indonesian palm oil. Meanwhile, Western markets, including the US, EU, and UK, mainly source from companies that have pledged to avoid deforestation – but their overall share of Indonesian palm oil exports remains small. Fig 2 . PBC News. Photo: Xander Landen Environmental costs "Destroying rainforest for economic gain is like burning a Renaissance painting to cook a meal." [Short-term gain should not cost our planet a future.] — E.O. Wilson, biologist and conservationist Large areas of land are cleared of their natural cover to set up palm oil plantations, typically by cutting down dense tropical forests. The forests contain rich and diverse plant and animal life, much of which is unique to these forests. The destruction of forests therefore leads to ecosystem breakdown and irreversible habitat loss. About 300 football fields of forest are cleared per hour for plantations , leading to endangered species being closer and closer to extinction. Palm oil accounts for 2.3% of global deforestation, according to the European Commission[2]. Indonesia, however, has one of the highest deforestation rates in the world[3]. How much more are we willing to lose? The deforestation of natural forests not only ruins vital ecosystems but also emits vast amounts of carbon dioxide[4] into the atmosphere, which subsequently leads to climate change. Indonesia is now among the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world, alongside the United States and China. A significant proportion of palm oil emissions result from fires on drained peatlands, one of the most carbon-dense ecosystems on earth. Drained peatlands are highly flammable, and therefore they are responsible for the majority of emissions. While emissions have remained relatively steady over the years, extreme weather events have triggered dangerous spikes. The challenge ahead lies in finding a balance between economic growth and environmental preservation. Human health costs Communities throughout Indonesia and its neighboring countries have suffered greatly for nearly forty years due to the poisonous smoke and air pollution caused by the yearly burning of peatlands and forests. Millions of people in Southeast Asia were impacted by the fires in 2015, which were one of the worst environmental catastrophes in recent memory. Up to 100,000 premature deaths are thought to have been caused by the smoke from these fires, according to researchers from Columbia and Harvard Universities[5]. Growing jobs, growing impact Employment and poverty reduction are one of the reasons there has been such a rapid growth of the industry and therefore extensive deforestation. Indonesia and Malaysia, being the largest producers of the oil globally, directly employ almost five million workers and another six million[6] indirectly, many in rural areas with very few job opportunities. Sustainable palm oil planting also plays a key role in reducing poverty and improving rural infrastructure in producing countries, since, as a consequence, the profit funds schools, healthcare, and other community developments. Company and government commitments and transparency Many companies are setting more ambitious “zero-deforestation” targets and No Deforestation, Peat, and Exploitation policies and are already working with the government to prevent deforestation and ensure transparency in their supply chains. Together, these processes have brought the industry closer to accountability. Furthermore, government intervention has supported these efforts. Indonesia has implemented national certification schemes and placed moratoriums on the expansion of palm oil plantations in forests and peatlands, restricting environmentally harmful growth. Similarly, importing nations – predominantly in the European Union – have enacted legislation prohibiting any imports related to desertification issues. Programs, such as the Terpercaya Initiative and NI-SCOPS, promote cooperation with policymakers, corporations, civil society, and other major actors to promote sustainability in the industry. In order to ensure that the most progress is achieved, such initiatives, policies, and accountability programs should be implemented and consistently monitored to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental protection. The promising results, in fact, suggest that conservation efforts may be starting to have an impact. After two years of increase in palm oil deforestation in Indonesia, the forest loss has declined in the course of the last two years. The rate of plantation growth slowed down compared to the previous year, as reported by Nusantara Atlas’s satellite analysis. This reduction also led to a decrease in the conversion of old-growth forests into plantations. Sustainable alternatives and solutions Redirecting financial resources toward forest conservation, improvement in smallholder agricultural practices, and rehabilitation of degraded land have the potential to contribute to achieving both environmental sustainability and economic stability. The 2016 United Nations Environment Programme Report[7] suggests several measures to promote responsible palm oil production: tax breaks and government-backed loan availability should be limited to businesses and farmers who meet specific sustainability guidelines, such as the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification frameworks and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). In addition, local authorities may receive financial rewards for taking an active role in preserving forests so that conservation is adequately financed. Tax legislation must also be restructured so that revenues from palm oil fairly contribute to the public funds. Strengthening land rights of small farmers[8] and providing them with low-interest loans is another important step. It would allow them to use environmentally friendly farming practices and improve their economic security. Saving the world’s forests is a global challenge and responsibility. In order to make more progress in the pursuit of deforestation-free production, stakeholders in the palm oil value chain have to further intensify their cooperation. So far, it’s great to see that the desire for conservation and the willingness to decrease deforestation is shared globally amongst companies, governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders. A potential solution? Collaboration of involved parties in making sustainable palm oil  value chains a reality. As Timer Manurung from Auriga Nusantara said[9], “the slow-down in expansion offers a chance for the Indonesian government and other stakeholders to work together to improve planning and management of oil palm and other plantations. Encouraging good practices and transparency will serve future generations.”  Sources: [1] - Voora, V., Bermúdez, S., Farrell, J. J., Larrea, C., & Luna, E. (2023). Palm oil prices and sustainability .  https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/2023-global-market-report-palm-oil.pdf [2] - Deforestation & Palm oil - Sustainable palm oil choice . (2024, July 18). Sustainable Palm Oil Choice. https://www.sustainablepalmoilchoice.eu/deforestation-palm-oil/#:~:text=When%20looking%20at%20global%20deforestation,rubber%20(The%20European%20Commission) . [3] - Vizzuality. (n.d.). Global Deforestation Rates & Statistics by Country | GFW . https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/global/?category=forest-change [4] - Coca, N. (2018, December 6). The most important country for the global climate no one is talking about. Vox . https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/12/5/18126145/indonesia-climate-change-deforestation [5] - Smoke from 2015 Indonesian fires may have caused 100,000 premature deaths . (2016, September 19). https://seas.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/smoke-2015-indonesian-fires-may-have-caused-100000-premature-deaths [6] - State of Sustainability Initiatives. (2024, March 20). Palm oil coverage | State of Sustainability Initiatives . https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/palm-oil-coverage/ [7] - Kissinger, G., United Nations Environment Programme, Nur Masripatin, Pungky Widiaryanto, . . . Estelle Fach. (2016). Fiscal incentives for Indonesian palm oil production: Pathways for alignment with green growth . https://www.un-redd.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/INDONESIA%20FISCAL%20POLICIES%20OIL%20PALM%20V6%20WEB.pdf [8] - Salazar, M. A. (2016, November 23). Small-scale farming threatens rainforests in Sumatra . Mongabay Environmental News. https://news.mongabay.com/2016/11/small-scale-farming-threatens-rainforests-in-sumatra/ [9] - Nusantara Atlas | Indonesian deforestation and plantation expansion slow . (2022, March 29). Nusantara Atlas. https://nusantara-atlas.org/indonesian-deforestation-and-plantation-expansion-slow/

Writer: Sujana Nowshin  NOTE:   Currently available in English only, this article is part of Rights and Minds' rebranding efforts to broaden the conversation on mental health and women's well-being . Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mental health condition that affects many women after giving birth, yet it remains widely under-discussed. Characterized by feelings of deep sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion, PPD goes beyond the typical “baby blues” that many new mothers experience. It can impact a woman’s emotional, psychological, and physical well-being, making it difficult to bond with the newborn, carry out daily tasks, or even care for oneself. The condition can also include symptoms such as irritability, sleep disturbances, and changes in appetite. Understanding PPD is crucial because when left unaddressed, it can lead to long-term emotional distress and hinder a mother’s ability to care for both herself and her child. Raising awareness and encouraging women to seek help is key to recovery, and ensures they receive the necessary support during such a transformative and challenging time. Photo by Ben Blennerhassett  on Unsplash What are the signs and symptoms of perinatal depression? Some women experience a few symptoms of perinatal depression, while others experience several symptoms. Some of the more common symptoms include: Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism Feelings of irritability, frustration, or restlessness Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities Fatigue or abnormal decrease in energy Being restless or having trouble sitting still Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions Difficulty sleeping (even when the baby is asleep), waking early in the morning, or oversleeping Abnormal changes in appetite or unplanned weight changes Physical aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not have a clear physical cause and do not go away with treatment Trouble bonding or forming an emotional attachment with the baby Persistent doubts about the ability to care for the baby Thoughts of death or harming oneself or the baby or suicide attempts Women who experience any of these symptoms should see a health care provider. A provider can determine whether the symptoms are due to perinatal depression or something else. How is postpartum depression different from “baby blues”? Distinguishing postpartum depression (PPD) from the “baby blues” is important because, while both can cause emotional challenges after childbirth, they differ significantly in terms of severity, duration, and impact on daily life. The “baby blues” are incredibly common, affecting up to 80% of new mothers, and typically begin within the first few days after delivery. These feelings of sadness, irritability, and anxiety are usually mild and temporary, often lasting only a few days to about two weeks. Many women experience the “baby blues” as they adjust to the physical and emotional demands of caring for a newborn, changes in sleep patterns, and hormonal shifts. Though these emotions can be overwhelming, they typically don’t interfere significantly with a mother’s ability to care for her baby or herself, and they generally improve without any need for treatment. On the other hand, postpartum depression (PPD) is much more serious and long-lasting. While the symptoms of PPD can start in the weeks after childbirth, they can persist for months if left untreated. Unlike the “baby blues,” which come and go, PPD symptoms tend to be more intense and do not subside over time. Women with PPD may experience feelings of deep sadness, hopelessness, or worthlessness that can feel all-consuming, along with heightened anxiety, panic attacks, or irritability. They may also struggle with physical symptoms such as extreme fatigue, trouble sleeping, or changes in appetite (either eating too much or not eating enough). The emotional toll of PPD often interferes with a mother’s ability to care for her baby, herself, or manage day-to-day tasks, and it can cause strain in relationships with family members. The key difference between the “baby blues” and PPD is the level of distress and disruption to a woman’s life. While the “baby blues” typically resolve on their own and do not require medical intervention, PPD often requires treatment, such as therapy, support groups, or medication, to help a mother recover. Recognizing the signs of PPD early is critical because, left untreated, it can lead to long-term emotional and psychological effects. If the feelings of sadness, anxiety, or hopelessness persist beyond the first couple of weeks, or if they start to interfere with a woman’s ability to care for herself or her child, it’s important to seek help from a healthcare provider. Understanding these differences can help new mothers and their loved ones take the necessary steps to ensure that proper care and support are given. When Postpartum Depression Shows Up as Intense Anger “Motherhood is messy,” Sarah Kauffman, MD , the physician director for the Hoag Maternal Mental Health Program  in Newport Beach, California, tells SELF. “Society talks about motherhood as this wonderful, blissful time, but it’s not always like that.” Postpartum depression (PPD) is often associated with feelings of sadness and hopelessness, but for some women, it can also manifest as intense anger or irritability. This emotional response may feel surprising or confusing, as new mothers might expect to feel primarily sad or overwhelmed. However, anger is a common symptom of PPD, often fueled by a sense of frustration, helplessness, or exhaustion. The constant demands of caring for a newborn, combined with physical recovery from childbirth, disrupted sleep, and hormonal changes, can build up and lead to overwhelming feelings of rage. This anger can be directed towards oneself, the baby, or even a partner or other family members, and may feel uncontrollable or disproportionate to the situation at hand. For some women, this intense anger can cause feelings of guilt or shame, as they may worry that they are not being a “good” mother. It’s important to understand that these feelings are not a reflection of failure, but rather a sign of the emotional toll that PPD can take. Recognizing anger as a symptom of PPD is crucial, as it can help women seek the support and treatment they need to manage their emotions and improve their mental health. Professional help, therapy, and a strong support system are key in addressing this aspect of PPD and allowing mothers to heal. “We all get angry at our kids,” Dr. Kauffman says. “We have moments where we don’t act like our best self. Anger is a natural emotion, and it doesn’t mean that you are bad, incompetent, or unsafe around your child.” There’s the undeniable weight of keeping this tiny human healthy. If you’re formula feeding, for example, you may feel like you’re caught in an endless cycle of washing and sterilizing nipples and bottles. If you breastfeed or pump, you may feel as if your boobs are constantly attached to a baby or a machine. Plus, while some studies suggest breastfeeding can help protect against depression or anxiety for certain parents, other studies indicate a more nuanced relationship—especially if the parent is struggling to breastfeed, per a recent review of research. It’s easy to understand how frustrating and rage-inducing a situation can be when your body simply won’t do what you want (and in many cases, need) it to do.  The next section the article focuses on causes and risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD). Hormonal Changes After childbirth, women undergo significant hormonal fluctuations that can have a profound impact on their mood and mental health. The rapid drop in hormones like estrogen and progesterone, which were elevated during pregnancy, can lead to feelings of sadness, irritability, and emotional instability. These hormonal shifts, combined with physical recovery, often contribute to the development of postpartum depression (PPD). For some women, these hormonal changes may trigger mood swings that are difficult to manage and can lead to more severe emotional distress. Sleep Deprivation One of the most challenging aspects of new motherhood is the constant disruption of sleep. Caring for a newborn, who requires frequent feedings and attention, can lead to chronic sleep deprivation. This lack of rest not only leaves mothers physically exhausted but also makes it harder for them to regulate their emotions and cope with stress. Sleep deprivation has been shown to increase irritability, anxiety, and feelings of overwhelm, all of which can contribute to the onset of PPD. The inability to get sufficient sleep during such a critical time can significantly impair a woman's mental and emotional health. Personal or Family History of Depression Women who have experienced depression in the past, or have a family history of mental health disorders, are at a higher risk of developing postpartum depression. A history of mental health issues can make a woman more vulnerable to experiencing PPD, as it may affect how her body responds to the stressors and hormonal changes associated with childbirth. Similarly, a family history of depression or other mood disorders can increase the likelihood of developing PPD due to genetic factors or learned patterns of coping with stress. Where can I learn more about depression in women? The following agencies have additional information on depression in women: Action Plan for Depression and Anxiety During Pregnancy and After Birth  ( Eunice Kennedy Shriver  National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Depression Among Women  (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Perinatal Depression: Preventive Interventions  (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) Postpartum Depression  (Office on Women’s Health) Women and Depression  (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) For more information on postpartum depression, also see: Postpartum Depression  (MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine) Talking Postpartum Depression videos  (Office on Women’s Health)  Sources: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression https://www.hoag.org/featured-news/when-postpartum-depression-shows-p-as-intense-anger/ https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/how-to-thrive-postpartum/202407/the-lies-i-told-myself-with-postpartum-depression https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/two-takes-on-depression/201610/is-it-baby-blues-or-postpartum-depression https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/somatic-psychology/201012/postpartum-ptsd-versus-postpartum-depression

This is the official English translation from the original articles that was written in Khmer Writer: Kithiapech Panhnha Cambodia, a nation situated in Southeast Asia, has endured the calamitous impact of nearly a century of foreign colonization to internal conflict and genocide regime. From 1860 to 1991, the scars left by these turbulent years run deep. From the loss of its own political governance to the abolishment of the economy and one’s identity, perhaps most devastating of all was the abandonment of its future: millions of children orphaned, disconnected from their families, and deprived of the greatest gift a nation can offer — the right to an education. Photo by Hadynyah on Unsplash Concise Timeline of Cambodia’s History (1860-1991) 1860 - 1953: French Colonial Rule 1863 :  Cambodia has entered a new era as a  French protectorate , with France taking control of foreign affairs and military operations. During this, King Norodom retains the throne, ensuring the monarchy remains intact under the agreement. The move aims to bolster the kingdom’s security amid regional challenges. 1953 : After 90 years of French protection and colonization, Cambodia achieved full independence through negotiations led by King Norodom Sihanouk, the great-grandson of King Norodom. Renowned for his diplomatic cleverness , King Sihanouk emerged as a unifying figure and a symbol of national sovereignty. 1970 - 1975: Cambodian Civil War 1970 : A military coup, led by General Lon Nol, an experienced military officer and political figure, overthrew King Norodom Sihanouk, marking the establishment of the “Khmer Republic” with backing from the United States. This pivotal event plunged Cambodia into a protracted civil war. 1975 : The “Khmer Rouge”, a communist guerrilla movement led by Pol Pot, seized Phnom Penh and overthrew the government of General Lon Nol, thereby consolidating complete control over Cambodia.  1975 - 1979: Khmer Rouge Regime & Genocide April 17, 1975: The Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh and declared Cambodia as “Democratic Kampuchea,” initiating a radical and devastating transformation of society. This regime plunged the nation into over three years of oppression, marked by the abolition of fundamental rights, widespread abuse of power, and the systematic genocide that turned the once-glorious nation into a killing field of its own citizen. 1975-1979 : Under the Khmer Rouge, an estimated of 1.5-2 million people  are killed in the  Cambodian Genocide  through execution, forced labor, starvation, and mistreatment. Intellectuals, ethnic minorities, and anyone perceived as an enemy are targeted. 1979 - 1989: Vietnamese Occupation 1979 : Vietnam launched a military intervention in Cambodia, overthrowing the Khmer Rouge regime and establishing a new administration known as the People’s Republic of Kampuchea, widely regarded as a puppet government under Vietnamese influence. 1979-1989 : The Khmer Rouge remains active in parts of Cambodia, resisting the Vietnamese-backed government despite being defeated militarily. 1991: Paris Peace Agreements 1991 : The Paris Peace Agreements end the civil war, with all factions agreeing to a ceasefire. A United Nations peacekeeping mission (UNTAC) is established to oversee free elections and the transition to a constitutional monarchy, leading to the return of King Norodom Sihanouk. "The education of a man is the foundation of the education of a nation." — George Washington Education is the key to rebuilding a nation's human capital, its most invaluable resource. In the wake of Cambodia's historical tragedies, it is not just about recovering what was lost, but about creating new pathways for its children, who represent the promise of a brighter, more prosperous future. Today, the importance of education in shaping Cambodia’s future remains as critical as ever, and as this article will explore, it is the right of every Cambodian child to access education, to heal, and to rebuild their country. Every minute, every single second, the people of Cambodia feel the profound dedication and tireless efforts poured in by both the government and its citizens. Together, they strive not only to rebuild but to surpass the once-glorious heights of the nation’s legacy, including its cherished education system—a testament to resilience and an unyielding hope for a brighter future. The Price Cambodian Pay after the 3 Years, 8 Months, 20 Days Event Liberation Day, January 7, 1979, marked the end of one of Cambodia’s darkest chapters under the Khmer Rouge regime, which left millions dead and the nation deeply scarred. Among the profound losses was the collapse of the education system—schools were closed, teachers executed, and books and cultural artifacts destroyed.  The Khmer Rouge’s attempt to erase intellectualism and cultural heritage created a lost generation, depriving Cambodia of both knowledge and identity. Yet, amidst this lost hope, Cambodia has been persistent, rebuilding its education system as a foundation for its national recovery “It was Year Zero.  Books were burned, religion outlawed, money abolished, schools closed, and teachers, doctors, and lawyers killed.  Wearing glasses or speaking a foreign language was a crime enough to merit death.  Families were turned out of homes, cities emptied, and a nation was slowly worked to death in the paddy fields.  Empty schools were made into prisons and suspected spies tortured in classrooms before being clubbed with shovels, stabbed with bamboo sticks, or kicked to death to save bullets.  Infants’ heads were dashed against tree trunks so they could not live to avenge their parents.  It was Year Zero; it was 1975.”  — Nathan William Meyer, a photojournalist, international policy writer, and educator Poverty is a major barrier, with many children unable to attend school due to financial constraints. In fact, around 48.7% of Cambodia’s population under 18 years old experiences multidimensional poverty, which affects their access to education and other essential services like healthcare​. Despite educational rate and improvement certainly marked it way throughout the records, it is still concerning to the Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministers of Education, teachers, parents and the students themselves still aware that there is the imbalance between urban and rural areas.  Cambodia’s Education Roadmap: Building the Foundations for the Future Fortunately, Cambodia’s Education 2030 Roadmap  sets an ambitious vision for transforming the nation’s education system to meet global standards while addressing local challenges. Under the leadership of H.E. Dr. Hang Chuon Naron, Minister of Education, Youth, and Sports, the roadmap outlines five strategic priorities aimed at fostering a more equitable, accessible, and future-ready education system. The First Priority : focuses on expanding quality Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)  and ensuring children complete basic education, laying a foundation for cognitive and social growth. The Second Priority: Addresses the need for specialized skills by promoting secondary education and broadening access to Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) to prepare youth for modern job markets. The Third Priority:  Enhances higher education by making it more accessible and affordable while fostering innovation and leadership for economic competitiveness. The Fourth Priority: focuses on promoting youth and adult literacy and encourages continuous learning for adaptability in a changing world. The Fifth Priority: Emphasizes better governance in education, focusing on transparency, accountability, and efficient resource use to achieve goals. This forward-looking strategy underscores Cambodia’s commitment to empowering its citizens through education, creating a pathway for sustained national growth and prosperity. With children seen as the driving force behind Cambodia’s future, the government has vowed never to falter in its commitment to their well-being.  Guided by the belief that investing in education and opportunities for young people is key to national progress, the leadership continues to push forward initiatives that empower the next generation. This unwavering dedication reflects the government’s hope and trust in children as the heart of the country’s aspirations for a brighter tomorrow. Ways You Can Contribute Your support can make a meaningful difference in rebuilding and empowering communities. Through thoughtful donations, you help provide vital resources, education, and opportunities for growth, fostering a brighter future for those in need. Every contribution, no matter the size, plays a crucial role in transforming lives and restoring hope. Your generosity plants the seeds of hope, nurturing the dreams of Cambodia’s children for a brighter tomorrow. Where you can help: Cambodian Children’s Fund  : This organization provides education, health, and other support services to underprivileged children in Cambodia.   Room to Read  : Focused on building literacy and gender equality in education, Room to Read has programs in Cambodia that you can support. The Cambodian School Project  : This charity focuses on building and restoring schools in rural Cambodia. UNICEF Cambodia  : UNICEF provides assistance in education, health, and protection for children in Cambodia. Global Peace Alliance (GPA) Cambodia  : GPA focuses on providing donation, school supplies and books to Cambodian children in rural areas. One of their notable book donation projects is known for OBOL (One Book, One Love donation project) References [1] Southeast Asia Globe | As Regional Cities Expand, Urban Poor Risk being Left Behind https://southeastasiaglobe.com/as-regional-cities-expand-urban-poor-risk-being-left-behind/[ADD: Accessed(Date, month and year)   | Accessed 07 December 2024 [2] UNICEF Cambodia | Cambodia Starts Five-Year Inclusive Education Plan to Ensure Quality Education for All Children, Including Those with Disabilities https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/press-releases/cambodia-starts-five-year-inclusive-education-plan-ensure-quality-education-all   | Accessed 07 December 2024 [3] Yale Journal of International Affairs | Growing Up Cambodian: Childhood and Crisis Three Decades after the Khmer Rouge https://www.yalejournal.org/publications/growing-up-cambodian-childhood-and-crisis-three-decades-after-the-khmer-rouge?rq=cambodia   | Accessed 07 December 2024 [4] Britannica | Cambodia https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambodia  | Accessed 07 December 2024 [5] Asia Society Organization | Cambodia: A Historical Overview https://asiasociety.org/education/cambodia-historical-overview   | Accessed 07 December 2024

Head Writer: Vesnyana  Editors: Olivia & Fernanda Pasapera Zegarra Listen to the article from here 🎧 Although antisemitism--hatred and discrimination against Jewish people—has a long-standing history spanning centuries, it persists in today’s society primarily evident on social media, in daily life, and in the political realm. In this article, we’re going to look into its origins, how it affects individuals and communities, and its broader implications. Photo by   Levi Meir Clancy  on   Unsplash The rise of antisemitic incidents in the 21st century has prompted us to examine the effectiveness of strategies to combat this phenomenon, considering how it has evolved over time and the implications of this discrimination for our society. Due to people’s tendency to use ‘categorical thinking’  to divide individuals into groups based on specific factors (often in arbitrary ways, such as “in” and “out” groups), society tends to blame and express hatred towards these groups, especially when events are complex and difficult to understand. As a result, antisemitism is passed down to new generations, adapting its expression to align with current issues while the underlying stereotypes and conspiracy theories remain largely unchanged. Let us clarify the definition first: antisemitism is hostility towards or prejudice against Jewish people[1]. It can manifest as hatred, violence, discrimination, and oppression. Incidents of antisemitism can range from anti-Jewish bullying in schools to organized nationalist ideologies and memes promoted by politicians, both in media and in-person. Hence, the youth is particularly at risk of encountering antisemitic content via social media and gaming platforms. By being aware of the consequences of such discriminatory behavior and its forms, we better equip ourselves to identify antisemitism in modern society and react accordingly. Historical background Regrettably, prejudice against the people who practiced Judaism dates back many centuries, as it was the first religion to worship a single God in contrast to polytheistic beliefs that recognized multiple deities. Moreover, early Christians aimed to separate themselves from Judaism to establish a distinct identity and express their stance following conflicts between the authorities of both faiths. Furthermore, there’s a radical approach to antisemitism – radicalized antisemitism [2]   – which is rooted in the false premise that Jews constitute a distinct ‘race’ of people with inherent traits that render them inferior to white, Christian people. This belief had major implications in Spain during the 15th century, where Jews were denied basic civil rights, such as access to universities, taking on public office, and the right to marry non-Jews, among others, regardless of whether they had been forced to convert to Christianity.[3]  What’s more, in the late 19th century – in 1879, to be precise – Wilhelm Matt, a German journalist, coined[4] the term antisemitism  to designate the anti-Jewish campaigns in Central Europe and to rally support against the German government’s decision to grant broader civil rights to Jews. From his perspective, there was a distinct “Semitic race,” referring to a group of languages spoken in parts of East Africa and predominantly in the Middle East. It’s important to note that this is not a legitimate racial category whatsoever. To this day, antisemitism endures, likely because many individuals are swayed by popular culture and lack sufficient education on the topic and its historical context. Over many centuries, without proper analysis, Jews have been unjustly blamed for numerous challenges. Moreover, misleading conspiracy theories perpetuate the idea that they control the government, media, banks – the list[5] goes on – and, what’s worse, that they even are falsely accused of being responsible for spreading diseases, such as COVID-19.[6] Impact of growth of antisemitism on the society The consequences of antisemitism today are prominent. First and foremost, it impacts individuals’ physiological well-being. Imagine witnessing various incidents of harassment, violence, and physical assaults targeted at your community and fearing that one day you might find yourself in that situation. Imagine losing someone close to you due to such violent acts of discrimination and feeling too afraid to report due to a lack of trust in local authorities.  Antisemitism’s prevalence and growth lead to increased anxiety and higher levels of stress in daily life, especially for young Jews who face antisemitism in school settings. Importantly, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) reported in a research conducted prior to 2023 that 37% of European Jews experienced some form of antisemitic harassment in the five previous years.[7].  Secondly, it contradicts the growth of another trend for multiculturalism and hinders societal progress regarding fundamental human rights which state the equality of all individuals. Amid current geopolitical tensions, such as the Israel-Palestine conflict, the number of hate crimes against Jews (and Muslims as well) has increased compared to previous years.[7][8] Thirdly, factors contributing to the ongoing distribution of antisemitic information include the accessibility of social media and digital platforms, where around 80% of such content gets published without moderation. The lack of supervision allows hate speech to proliferate uncensored and enables algorithms to deliver users similar discriminatory content based on engagement metrics. Alongside this, the rise of populism in various regions has led to populist leaders using rhetoric that targets minorities. Such a situation negatively impacts the normalization of hateful rhetoric and highlights the urgent need for greater moderation of discriminatory content, including conspiracy theories. Message from Rights and Minds Addressing the growth of antisemitism raises significant moral and ethical questions; it requires a multilateral approach to foster equality and inclusion for all communities, especially those historically affected by discrimination.  And what could each of us do, above all? Two words. Spread Awareness . Indeed, as we have emphasized already, irrational stereotypes are the main drivers of any sort of discrimination. Therefore, prioritize educating yourself and those around you to ensure solidarity among individuals from various backgrounds and communities.  Even what seems like a small change – a shift in your mindset and priorities – can contribute to solving this problem. Advocate for a better and more inclusive future.  Note: At Rights and Minds, we contacted our writers in Israel to gather their insights on the alarming rise of antisemitism. This is what one of our writers has to say: "Antisemitic attacks are rising at nearly every university, the echoes of hate can be heard. Students are being attacked based on their religion. This isn’t just a story; it’s a reality that many Jewish students confront every day. Nazi symbols and extremist groups are allowed to thrive under the guise of ‘free speech,’ creating a toxic atmosphere. When is enough enough? ". *** Sources: [1] https://www.oxfordreference.com/display [2] https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-07/ran_cn_antisemitism_29-30032022_en.pdf [3] https://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/jews-in-early-15th-century-spain [4] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Marr [5] https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/control [6] https://www.ajc.org/news/global-trends-in-conspiracy-theories-linking-jews-with-coronavirus [7] https://www.npr.org/ [8] https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/pr-2024-antisemitism_en.pdf [9] https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/20/antisemitic-hate-crimes

Head Writer: Amina Mehmood Editor: Fernanda Pasapera Zegarra Listen to the article from here 🎧 ‘Body autonomy’  is the fundamental right of every person to make decisions about their own body, free from external pressure, influence, or coercion. It's more than just a concept; it's about owning the power to define what happens to the individual's body and life.     Historically, the autonomy of women has been constrained by a range of factors on a global scale. Whether through legal restrictions, social conventions, or cultural expectations, the choices available to women are frequently influenced by factors outside their control. No matter how we view it, Autonomy is the cornerstone of personal freedom and dignity ! Welcome to our mini-series, Women's Rights of Yesterday and Today. This series, written by Amina, explores the global rights of women, from how they dress to how control over their bodies is often placed in the hands of others. Photo by   Gayatri Malhotra  on  Unsplash In recent years, women's efforts to gain control over their own lives are increasingly being met with resistance from governments making this a pressing issue across the globe.  Regardless of their background, women face challenges at every stage of life, often finding their rights at the center of broader societal debates. From the streets of Karnataka, India, to France, women encounter restrictions on what they can wear–today, it's a piece of clothing, but what will it be tomorrow? Is a Piece of Clothing an Enemy or a Friend? Brief Overview Of Restrictive Policies In France: 1989:  The hijab ban's cultural background can be traced to France's historical colonization of North Africa but it took off in 1989 when three girls' refusal to take off their headscarves led to a suspension from school. [1] [2] 2004: The French government banned all visible religious symbols including headscarves in all state schools arguing that the ban upholds the country’s commitment to secularism.   2011: France became the first European country to ban the full-face Islamic veil (niqab) in all public spaces. [3] 2016: A burkini ban was introduced in seaside towns but the Council of State overturned it. Despite this ruling, the debate around the burkini persisted. [4]   2022:   Grenoble's city council attempted to allow burkinis in public pools, but this was blocked by France's highest administrative court, which upheld the ban. [5]  2022: The French government passed an amendment banning the hijab in all sports competitions for French athletes. [6] 2023: France’s education minister banned Abayas - a long, loose-fitting garment in all public schools. [7]  2024: The burkini ban continues to be enforced in public pools in some areas of France, still being a focal point. The burkini ban is not an official nationwide law  in France; rather, it has been implemented by local authorities and private resorts in certain cities and regions. For many Muslim women, the hijab serves as a symbol of faith. The ban forcibly limits their ability to practice their religious beliefs freely, thereby violating their autonomy. In France, the Hijab is banned in all middle and high schools, certain private universities, and all government sectors. Public officials such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters are also not allowed to wear the hijab during work hours. Some private companies prefer not to hire hijab-wearing employees. This restricts access to education, employment, dignity, and safety. The punishment for not adhering to the bans could result in verbal and written warnings, fines, and arrests. [8] “A lot of companies still refuse to accept women wearing a hijab. At my first internship, the manager who hired me told the general director that I had a disease which made my hair fall, so that I could wear the hijab without getting any remarks about it at work.” — Lamya, a 23-year-old business student, 14 April 2021 on VICE  [9] Local French authorities also uphold the ban on burkini (a swimsuit designed for women that covers the whole body except the face, hands, and feet) in public pools. Interestingly, a burkini provides a similar level of coverage as a full-body wetsuit and swimming cap, yet it’s treated differently. Does this ban imply a biased and selective approach to human rights protections by targeting one specific minority group? [10] The ban has led to the stigmatization of Muslim women who wear the hijab, intensifying their marginalization within society. Public harassment, such as verbal abuse or physical attacks, is a prevalent reality for those Muslim women wearing hijabs or niqabs. Consequently, many of them may feel increasingly isolated within their communities. Moreover, their clothing choices are politicized and perceived as incompatible with "Western" or "secular" values, which fosters a profound sense of alienation . “There is a real infantilization of Muslim women. We live in a society where women wearing the hijab are prevented from working, from doing sports, from singing on a TV show, and from accompanying children on a school outing. All these polemics and laws that have a desire to ‘liberate’ women push these women to stay home. It is very ironic when the clichés perceive us as women who do not leave the house and do not work because of male authority when in reality it is the government that wants to erase us from society . [...] How can a government consider a 15-year-old girl mature enough for sexual consent but a 17-year-old girl not mature enough to know how she wants to dress?’’ — Taqwa Bint Ali on Vogue Arabia [12] A similar situation has unfolded in a state at the opposite end of the world:  Karnataka, India, where a state-level ban on the hijab in all public educational institutions has ignited significant unrest. Protests and legal disputes have broken out following the prohibition, as Muslim women advocate that the law infringes upon their fundamental rights to freedom of religion and conscience . [13] "Young Muslim women are out on the streets protesting for their rights. And you're still telling me that [these] women can't think for themselves?" said 27-year-old Naq [14] In the context of rising Islamophobia, some individuals have found a way to mask their prejudices under the cover of secularism. But is this genuinely about secularism, or is it more accurately a manifestation of Islamophobia?  The ban was fueled in 2022 when some schools and colleges prohibited their hijab-wearing students from their premises. This decision soon sparked a wider discussion on religious liberty and the government’s influence over women’s decisions. Over 1000 girls dropped out of pre-university colleges in Karnataka due to the hijab ban and other interconnected reasons. In the 2022-2023 academic year, enrollment of Muslim female students in government colleges has fallen to half. [15]  “We were so close to finishing,” she said. “They could have easily just made an exception for us for those few months.” However, the women were asked to transfer to another college if they wanted to continue wearing their hijabs. “All my friends are already doing their Masters,” she said. “But I’m just stuck.’’ — 21-year-old, Gulnaaz Ali [16] While the lack of access to education worldwide can be attributed to various factors, who would have thought that a piece of clothing could be an obstacle to education for many?   This scenario exposes the deep-seated tension between personal liberty and authority . You Can Help: Raise Awareness:  Educate yourself and others about the religious, cultural, and personal significance of the hijab. Ensure that the sources you are using are credible and valid. Promote policy change:  Support organizations that campaign for religious freedom and gender equality—and advocate for legal changes protecting women's rights in France, India, and globally. Support affected women:  Offer solidarity to victims of these restrictions through local support groups, social media, or by backing legal challenges that aim to overturn discriminatory laws.  Challenge Islamophobia: When you hear remarks or encounter discrimination against Muslims, speak out against it. Encouraging open dialogue can help remove stereotypes that often fuel these bans. References [1] Where France's Possible New Hijab Ban Fits Into History | TIME https://time.com/6049226/france-hijab-ban/ [2] Islamic scarf controversy in France - Wikipedia https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France   [3] The Islamic veil across Europe - BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095 [4] Burkini ban: Why is France arresting Muslim women for wearing full-body swimwear and why are people so angry? | The Independent  https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burkini-ban-why-is-france-arresting-muslim-women-for-wearing-fullbody-swimwear-and-why-are-people-so-angry-a7207971.html [5] French burkini ban upheld as Grenoble loses legal challenge https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61883529 [6] Why France is Banning the Hijab for Their Olympic Athletes | TIME https://time.com/7000437/france-sporting-hijab-ban-olympics/ [7] France to ban wearing abaya dress in schools: Minister  https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/27/france-to-ban-wearing-abaya-dress-in-schools-minister [8] The hijab ban and human rights of Muslim women in Europe https://gchumanrights.org/gc-preparedness/preparedness-civil-and-political-rights/article-detail/the-hijab-ban-and-human-rights-of-muslim-women-in-europe.html [9] ‘We Are Treated as Animals’ – French Muslim Women on the Proposed Hijab Ban https://www.vice.com/en/article/france-hijab-ban-french-muslim-women-react/ [10] Burkini ban: Why is France arresting Muslim women for wearing full-body swimwear and why are people so angry? | The Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burkini-ban-why-is-france-arresting-muslim-women-for-wearing-fullbody-swimwear-and-why-are-people-so-angry-a7207971.html [11] The Tangled Web of Discrimination Faced by Muslim Women - Open Society Foundations https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/tangled-web-discrimination-faced-muslim-women [12] As a French Hijabi, This is What I Think of My Country’s Controversial Hijab Ban ( vogue.me ) https://en.vogue.me/culture/france-hijab-ban-impact/#:~:text=The%20hijab%20is%20only%20allowed%20at%20the%20public,to%20the%20second%20problem%3A%20having%20a%20professional%20career [13] India court upholds Karnataka state’s ban on hijab in class | Islamophobia News | Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/15/india-court-upholds-karnataka-states-ban-on-hijab-in-class [14] Karnataka: 'Wearing a hijab doesn't make Muslim women oppressed’ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60454685 [15] Over 1,000 Muslim girls dropped out of PU colleges in Karnataka during hijab controversy: PUCL report | Bangalore News - The Indian Express https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pucl-releases-report-on-impact-of-hijab-ban-on-muslim-girl-students-in-karnataka-8371485/ [16] One year of Karnataka’s war on Muslim women’s right to learn https://scroll.in/article/1041529/one-year-of-karnatakas-war-on-muslim-womens-right-to-learn

Writer: Gustavo Castillo Grief is often thought of as the sadness we feel when we lose someone close to us. But what about the grief that goes unnoticed? Many people experience unacknowledged grief—a term introduced by Dr. Kenneth J. Doka in 1989. Read more to find out about this unacknowledged grief. Photo by Şahin Sezer Dinçer  on Unplash Unrecognized grief, or "invisible grief," refers to the pain we feel from losses that society doesn’t recognize as worthy of mourning. These hidden losses can leave people feeling alone and misunderstood. Here are some examples of unacknowledged grief:   The death of a beloved pet:  Pets are part of the family for many, yet society often overlooks this loss, leaving grieving pet owners to handle their sorrow alone. Loss of a job:  Losing a job can feel like losing a part of yourself. But this loss is often dismissed, making individuals feel ashamed or inadequate. Receiving a low grade:  For students, a bad grade can feel devastating. Yet, these feelings are often brushed aside, leading students to hide their disappointment. Experiencing an abortion:  This deeply personal loss can be very painful, but societal norms often make it hard for people to talk about it. For many, these losses may seem 'simple,' but for others, carrying this heavy sadness while the world expects them to simply move on can be incredibly difficult. Unrecognized grief is often met with indifference. When individuals try to share their pain, they may hear comments like, “That’s why you’re sad,” which can make them feel even more isolated. This pressure to hide their grief can lead to feelings of guilt and shame, making it harder to cope and increasing the risk of depression and anxiety. So, how can we change this? We need to talk about these issues in our families, schools, and communities. By challenging stereotypes and bringing unrecognized grief into the open, we can reduce the stigma around it. Recognizing all types of grief is not just kind; it can also lead to better mental health by creating supportive environments and reducing feelings of loneliness. Writers suggestion:  Every tear shed, no matter the reason, deserves to be seen and accepted.

Editors: Fernanda Pasapera Zegarra, Gustavo Castillo and S. Al-Dazfa Chairan Listen to the article from here🎧 In the background of global news, there are stories that are often overlooked, and one of them is the hardships faced by the Uyghurs, a Muslim minority group in China’s Xinjiang region also known as East Turkestan. Many people are unaware of the extreme suffering they endure, which includes terror, torture, and tragedy. Since early 2017, the Chinese government has escalated its repression of Uyghurs and other minority groups in Xinjiang through the establishment of numerous "re-education" camps. This repression goes far beyond simple human rights abuses.  Read more to find out the scale of the humanitarian crisis, historical context, and the once silenced voices of these survivors. Photo by   Kuzzat Altay  on   Unsplash Historical Timeline of Uyghur Oppression The 10th century: Islam and Arab Influence on the region Arab influence arrived in the region, and by the 16th century most Uyghurs identified as Muslims.  According to a Chinese report, Islam was introduced to the region by force during a religious war in the 10th century,  which marked the decline of Buddhism after centuries of presence in the region.[1] Late 1750s to 1912: Qing Dynasty's Control of East Turkestan During the Qing dynasty, East Turkestan was brought under Chinese control. [2] In the late 19th century: It was officially renamed Xinjiang, which means “new frontier” in Mandarin. [3] 1949:   Annexation of Xinjiang Xinjiang was incorporated into the People's Republic of China following the Chinese Civil War.[4] 1955: Xinjiang is officially designated as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, but real autonomy remains minimal under Beijing's control. 1966: The Cultural Revolution in Xinjiang[5] According to Coda story: Mosques were either destroyed or repurposed as buildings for the Communist Party. Religious texts and Uyghur language books were confiscated and burned as anti-revolutionary.  During this period, Mao sent millions of educated urban youth to rural areas for 're-education' through hard labour. 2001:   Post-9/11 Terrorism Justification The global ‘War on Terror’ provides China a pretext to label Uyghur separatists as "terrorists," allowing for harsher repression under the guise of counterterrorism.[6] → Scroll down to notes , for more. 2014:   "Strike Hard Campaign" China launches the "Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism," intensifying efforts against Uyghur communities through mass surveillance and widespread detentions.[7] 2017:   Mass Detention Begins The Chinese government detains up to one million Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples in large camps for or intense surveillance.[8] 2022 : UN Human Rights Report The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) released a report documenting abuses in Xinjia ng, suggesting they may constitute crimes against humanity.[9] Disclaimer: The text above offers only a brief overview of Uyghurs history. We encourage you to conduct your own research to gain a deeper understanding of the historical context and the injustices the Uyghurs have faced.  “Break their lineage, break their roots, break their connections, and break their origins. Completely shovel up the roots of “two-faced people,” dig them out, and vow to fight these two-faced people until the end.” —Maisumujiang Maimuer, Chinese religious affairs official, August 10, 2017, on a Xinhua Weibo page Only two words can describe the quote said by the Chinese religious affairs– ‘Cultural Erasure’. Two words that encapture the lengthy quote. Two words to dehumanise millions of Uyghurs. Despite being ‘only’ two words, it reflects a mission to systematically uproot Uyghur heritage and criminalise their very existence. A City of Shadows: Systematic Persecution, Mass Detentions, and Disappearances Since 2017, the Chinese government has detained between one and two million Uyghurs and other Turkic minorities.[10] These detentions were carried without legal procedures with individuals frequently arrested solely for practising their religion—whether that means praying or attending a mosque.[11] Forced Acculturation and Cultural Erasure The state has implemented policies aimed at erasing Uyghur culture and enforcing acculturation into Han Chinese society.[12] Uyghur women are forced into marriages with Han men, and children are forcibly separated from their families and placed in state-run institutions.[13] [14] Families are left in distress, often unaware of their loved ones’ whereabouts. Furthermore, Uyghurs are systematically prohibited from speaking their native language and celebrating traditional festivals.[15] The Vanishing Souls The mass detentions and forced acculturation contribute to an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty, where countless individuals simply vanish from public view. [16]  The Chinese government's tight control over information and lack of transparency have turned the Xinjiang region into a ‘City of Shadows’ where the true extent of persecution remains hidden.[17][18] The stories of those who have disappeared are often silence, leaving their fates unknown not only to their families but to the world.[19] This cultural erasure is not merely an assault on individual rights; it is a calculated campaign to erase Uyghur identity and heritage. Are We Ignoring the Bloodshed and Suffering, or Is It Simply Hidden from Us?  In a world flooded with information, it’s easy to overlook the suffering that doesn't dominate headlines. Yet, the question remains: are we turning our eyes and backs away, or is the truth being kept from us? The risk of the Uyghur genocide being forgotten is alarming. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has not only hidden its atrocities in East Turkestan but has also launched a campaign to erase them from collective memory.[20] “Genocide is an ongoing process. While it may physically end with the annihilation of a population, it persists in the memories of survivors, spanning generations. Therefore, for those responsible for genocide to disavow their culpability, they must eliminate all traces of its occurrence, including memories.” (Mamtimin Ala). China has taken extensive measures to ensure the persecution of Uyghurs remains hidden  by blanking out maps to obscure detention camps, strictly controlling what information comes in and out of Xinjiang and through diplomatic pressure.[21][22][23]  This calculated campaign of censorship and misinformation ensures that the true extent of the bloodshed and suffering remains concealed from the world. Suffering such as from a China's concentration camp survivor, Mihrigul Tursun– "I thought I would rather die than go through the torture and begged them to kill me” Chaudhry, Anushay. “'They kill us here': Survivor of Uyghur concentration camps recounts torture.” The Pitt News, 2 September 2020,  It makes us wonder, Was  it Truly 'Never Again,' or Just 'Never Again to be Known About'? As we acknowledge her words, we must ask ourselves: how many voices like hers are we failing to hear? How much suffering is being buried in these detention camps, unnoticed by the world? Inside the Camps: A Living Nightmare Survivor testimonies and reports from human rights organisations reveal that conditions in these camps are dreadful. Detainees face sexual violence, including gang rapes and forced sterilizations.[24][25] Inhumane practices such as organ harvesting and forced medical experimentation are also reported. Daily life is marked by political indoctrination, where detainees are forced to pledge allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and renounce their own culture.[26] Voices of the Victims “We had to stick our arms out through a small opening in the door[...]After our injections, we didn’t get our periods anymore.” – Gulbahar Jalilova [27] “A young woman was forced to disrobe and then raped by several police officers in front of other prisoners.” – Sayragul Sauytbay[28] The Silence of Sufferance The Uyghur massacre is one of the forgotten human rights crises of our time.  The ongoing silence and inaction forms the bridge between life and death for millions of Uyghurs. You Can Help: Raise Awareness:   Share information about the Uyghur crisis through social media, blogs, and community events to increase global awareness. Support Organizations:   Donate - Uyghur Human Rights Project Donate - Save Uyghur International Support for Uyghurs Notes “Scholars have repeatedly pointed out that this small, under-resourced group has never been shown to have instigated violence in China or anywhere else in the world. In November 2020, the U.S. government removed ETIM from its terrorist list, because "for more than a decade, there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist."[29] Special thanks to Olivier Kuc for their insightful contribution to the Historical Timeline section . Global Response United States:  The U.S. has officially recognized the treatment of Uyghurs as genocide and has imposed sanctions on Chinese officials involved in these abuses. [30] European Union:  The EU initially negotiated the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) with China, but in light of human rights concerns in Xinjiang, the agreement has been suspended. European countries are increasingly vocal in their condemnation of China’s actions.[31] France:  In 2022, the French parliament passed a motion recognizing the Uyghur genocide. This motion calls for concrete actions against China and supports Uyghur residents in France.[32] United Kingdom:  The UK Parliament declared the treatment of Uyghurs as genocide in April 2021. This declaration is a crucial step in international efforts to address and halt the abuses occurring in Xinjiang.[33] Message From R&M When will it be enough? When will we take action? When will human rights become our priority? When? When? When? Rights and Minds seeks to acknowledge the mental health aspects of this crisis. The ongoing violence has not only surpassed the physical rights but also deeply affected the minds of many young Uyghur survivors. Their experiences underscore the urgent need to address mental health alongside physical rights .   [Read more about PTSD] References “Xinjiang’s Uyghurs didn’t choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report says.” CNN , 22 July 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/22/asia/china-xinjiang-uyghur-muslim-intl-hnk/index.html.  Accessed 1 August 2024. Cockerell, Isobel. “China's oppression of Xinjiang's Uyghurs: a visual history.” Coda Story , 11 March 2020، https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/china-oppression-uyghurs-history/ .  Accessed 1 August 2024. Cockerell, Isobel. “China's oppression of Xinjiang's Uyghurs: a visual history.” Coda Story , 11 March 2020, https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/china-oppression-uyghurs-history/ . Accessed 1 August 2024 Cockerell, Isobel. “China's oppression of Xinjiang's Uyghurs: a visual history.” Coda Story , 11 March 2020, https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/china-oppression-uyghurs-history/ . Accessed 1 August 2024 Cockerell, Isobel. “China's oppression of Xinjiang's Uyghurs: a visual history.” Coda Story , 11 March 2020, https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/china-oppression-uyghurs-history/ . Accessed 1 August 2024 Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang , 1 April 2005, ttps://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/hrw/2005/en/20125 . “Break Their Lineage, Break Their Roots”: China's Crimes against Humanity Targeting Uyghurs and Other Turkic Muslims | HRW.” Human Rights Watch , 19 April 2021 https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/19/break-their-lineage-break-their-roots/chinas-crimes-against-humanity-targeting . Accessed 6 August 2024. Maizland, Lindsay. “China's Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang.” Council on Foreign Relations , 22 September 2022, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-uyghurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights . Accessed 14 August 2024. “UN Human Rights Office issues assessment of human rights concerns in Xinjiang, China.” ohchr , 31 August 2022،, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/08/un-human-rights-office-issues-assessment-human-rights-concerns-xinjiang . Accessed 18 August 2024 Maizland, Lindsay. “China's Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang.” Council on Foreign Relations , 22 September 2022, ، https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-uyghurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights .  Accessed 14 August 2024. “Chinese Persecution of the Uyghurs.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ، https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/china/chinese-persecution-of-the-uyghurs . Accessed 20 August 2024. “Cultural Genocide: The Indoctrination of Uyghur Children.” Bitter Winter , 28 March 2023, https://bitterwinter.org/cultural-genocide-indoctrination-uyghur-children/ . Accessed 30 August 2024. “Chinese Persecution of the Uyghurs.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ،, https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/china/chinese-persecution-of-the-uyghurs . Accessed 20 August 2024. “China Primer: Uyghurs.” CRS Reports , 22 September 2023 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10281 . Accessed 22 August 2024. “Family of Uighurs in China Say Are Blocked, Deleted by Scared Family.” Business Insider , 16 February 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/family-of-uighurs-in-china-say-are-blocked-deleted-by-scared-family-2019-2 . Accessed 26 August 2024. Irwin, Peter. “Forced Marriage of Uyghur Women: State Policies for Interethnic Marriages in East Turkistan.” Uyghur Human Rights Project , 16 November 2022، https://uhrp.org/report/forced-marriage-of-uyghur-women/  Accessed 30 August 2024. ““Break Their Lineage, Break Their Roots”: China's Crimes against Humanity Targeting Uyghurs and Other Turkic Muslims | HRW.” Human Rights Watch , 19 April 2021،, https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/19/break-their-lineage-break-their-roots/chinas-crimes-against-humanity-targeting . Accessed 17 August 2024. Nee, William. “A UN Body Sheds Light on the Fate of Disappeared Uyghurs.” The Diplomat , 30 August 2023،, https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/a-un-body-sheds-light-on-the-fate-of-disappeared-uyghurs/ . Accessed 30 August 2024. Accessed 28 August 2024. Wintour, Patrick. “UK MPs declare China is committing genocide against Uyghurs in Xinjiang.” The Guardian , 22 April 2021، https://thediplomat.com/2024/04/erasing-memories-concealing-evidence-chinas-efforts-to-obscure-the-uyghur-genocide/.Accessed 27 August 2024. Rivet, Myriam, et al. “French parliament passes motion condemning China 'genocide' against Uyghurs.” Reuters , 20 January 2022، https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/22/uk-mps-declare-china-is-committing-genocide-against-uyghurs-in-xinjiang Accessed 30 August 2024. Gallup, Sean, and Lily McElwee. “The Rise and Demise of the EU-China Investment Agreement: Takeaways for the Future of German Debate on China.” CSIS , 20 March 2023، https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/french-parliament-passes-motion-condemning-china-genocide-against-uyghurs-2022-01-20/Accessed 20 August 2024. Madhani, Aamer. “U.S. imposes sanctions on China over human rights abuses of Uighurs.” PBS , 16 December 2021,، https://www.csis.org/analysis/rise-and-demise-eu-china-investment-agreement-takeaways-future-german-debate-Accessed 23 August 2024. “US removes shadowy group from terror list blamed by China for attacks.” The Guardian , 6 November 2020، https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-s-imposes-sanctions-on-china-over-human-rights-abuses-of-uighurs .  Accessed 27  August 2024. ،“Muslim women reportedly 'sterilized' in Chinese 're-education' camps.” NY Post , 13 August 2019 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/06/us-removes-shadowy-group-from-terror-list-blamed-by-china-for-attacks .  . Accessed 28 August 2024. “Muslim women reportedly 'sterilized' in Chinese 're-education' camps.” NY Post , 13 August 2019 ، https://nypost.com/2019/08/13/muslim-women-reportedly-sterilized-in- 0chinese-re-education-camps/ ..Accessed 28 August 2024. 2014, https://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/chinese-muslims-have-to-pledge-loyalty-to-the-communist-party-before-they-can-leave-the-country-for-the-journey-to-mecca/ . “Muslim women reportedly 'sterilized' in Chinese 're-education' camps.” NY Post , 13 August 2019 ، https://nypost.com/2019/08/13/muslim-women-reportedly-sterilized-in-chinese-re-education-camps/Accessed 17 August 2024. “Muslim Woman Describes Horrors of Chinese Concentration Camp: Haaretz.” Business Insider , 22 October 2019، https://www.businessinsider.com/muslim-woman-describes-horrors-of-chinese-concentration-camp-2019-10 . Accessed 22 August 2024. “China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization.” AP News , 28 June 2020، https://apnews.com/article/ap-top-news-international-news-weekend-reads-china-health-269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c .  Accessed 28 August 2024. Long, Hannah. “'Their goal is to destroy everyone': Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape.” BBC , 2 February 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55794071 .  Accessed 28 August 2024. Gallup, Sean, and Lily McElwee. “The Rise and Demise of the EU-China Investment Agreement: Takeaways for the Future of German Debate on China.” CSIS , 20 March 2023،, https://www.csis.org/analysis/rise-and-demise-eu-china-investment-agreement-takeaways-future-german-debate-china . Accessed 20 August 2024. Rivet, Myriam, et al. “French parliament passes motion condemning China 'genocide' against Uyghurs.” Reuters , 20 January 2022، https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/french-parliament-passes-motion-condemning-china-genocide-against-uyghurs-2022-01-20/.  Accessed 30 August 2024. “US removes shadowy group from terror list blamed by China for attacks.” The Guardian , 6 November 2020 ، https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/06/us-removes-shadowy-group-from-terror-list-blamed-by-china-for-attacks . Accessed 27  August 2024.

Writer: Nuray NyssanBeck Imagine waking up one day to find your world is turned upside down. The freedoms you once took for granted are now distant memories, replaced by fear and uncertainty. Streets that were once filled with laughter and bustling activity now lie silent. For millions in Afghanistan, this is their new reality. With the Taliban's return to power, the promise of hope has been replaced by fear. Women's voices, which once echoed with strength and resilience, are being silenced. Little girls, whose dreams started in classrooms, are now growing up under the weight of oppression.  The human rights progress made over the past decades is disappearing. Afghanistan, a country ravaged by decades of war and conflict, is once again in the grip of a humanitarian crisis and human rights abuses after the Taliban took power in 2021. In essence, the Taliban is a totalitarian terrorist Islamist dictatorship that does not respect human rights.  The country has a high level of terrorism, extremism, radicalism, poverty and corruption.  On May 1, 2021, in connection with the announcement of the final withdrawal of American troops from the country, the militants of the banned terrorist organization "Taliban" launched an active offensive operation against the government forces of Afghanistan. The Afghan government began to rapidly lose control over the territory of the country. By early August, the Afghan Taliban had captured and held 200 district centers out of 417, and by mid-August already most of the territories of Afghanistan, including 2/3 of the provincial capitals. On August 15, 2021, the Taliban announced the complete capture of Afghanistan. The Taliban Takeover,  A Year of Broken Promises On August 15, 2021, militants of the banned terrorist movement "Taliban" practically without a fight occupied the Afghan capital Kabul and established their power in the country. The government of Ashraf Ghani, the former president of the country, did not last even four months from the moment the United States began withdrawing troops from the country. Upon coming to power, the Taliban declared their readiness to cooperate with the world, create a government that would include representatives from all over the country, and also ensure the basic rights of the population, including women.  Most of what was promised then was not fulfilled over the years. After the fall of the ex-government, the economy collapsed.  Due to the arrival of the Taliban, foreign aid, which previously accounted for 45% of the country's GDP, ceased to flow into the not rich, war-torn country. Foreign assets of the Central Bank of the country in the amount of about $ 9.2 billion were frozen. The humanitarian situation has worsened: 20 million people, or half of the country's population, are now experiencing food shortages. [1] There was a significant outflow of human capital - tens of thousands of highly qualified workers fled the country. In addition, restrictions were introduced on the work of women in the private and public sectors.  As a result, the number of women employed in the economy has sharply decreased. Women's Rights Under Siege From 1998 to 2019, the share of women grew from 15 to 22% of all workers. However, in 2021, this figure fell back to 15%.[2] At the same time, the Taliban promised that they would respect the rights of women and allow them to work on condition that they wear a burqa.  The Ministry of Women's Affairs was disbanded, TV channels were banned from showing serials with the participation of actresses, and journalists were ordered to appear on camera only with their heads covered with a scarf. Also, Afghan women are now prohibited from traveling further than 45 miles (72 km) without a male relative accompanying them.  In March of this year, after a six-month break, secondary schools opened in Afghanistan, but girls were still not allowed to receive education. The restriction affected 1.1 million Afghan schoolgirls. The Constitution of Afghanistan of 2004 states that women and men have equal rights and obligations before the law, and that any discrimination against citizens of Afghanistan is prohibited. However, after coming to power, the de facto Minister of Justice announced the Taliban's plan to temporarily introduce articles of the 1964 Constitution that comply with Sharia into force and stated that international laws and agreements that do not contradict the principles of Sharia and the Islamic Emirate will be respected.[3] Hunger and Violence BBN warns that hunger in Afghanistan could kill more people than 20 years of war.[4] The TV channel reports that residents of Kabul and farmers are lining up for humanitarian aid for the first time in their lives, which is catastrophically lacking. According to the International Rescue Committee, more than 90% of the country's population is malnourished, and at least 20 million Afghans, or about half of the population, are actually starving.[5] Save the Children reports that about 9.6 million children are suffering from hunger in Afghanistan, and 1.1 million of them are at risk of "the most severe form of malnutrition"  Uncertain Future The situation in Afghanistan is currently unclear and alarming. The Taliban are not changing their course, which is leading to a further deterioration of the humanitarian situation, an increase in poverty and hunger.  Human rights, especially those of women and girls, are being grossly violated. The international community is unable to find effective levers of influence on the Taliban.  However, the Taliban are gradually carrying out reforms, improving the humanitarian situation and partially respecting human rights. The international community is providing limited support to the new regime in exchange for improvements in the country. Afghanistan is becoming an authoritarian state with limited democratic freedoms. An unexpected scenario is possible, which is unpredictable at the moment. The future of Afghanistan depends on many factors, including the actions of the Taliban, the reaction of the international community and the will of the Afghan people themselves.  References [1] “Instability in Afghanistan | Global Conflict Tracker.” Council on Foreign Relations , https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/war-afghanistan . Accessed 15 April 2024. [2]Атасунцев, Александр. “Что изменилось в Афганистане за год правления талибов.” РБК , 16 August 2022, https://www.rbc.ru/politics/16/08/2022/62fa46cf9a7947e92e40a3a0 . Accessed 28 April 2024. [3] Atatürk's, Mustafa Kemal. “Women's rights in Afghanistan: An ongoing battle.” European Parliament , 7 April 2023, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/747084/EPRS_BRI(2023)747084_EN.pdf . Accessed 29 April 2024. [4] “News United Nations.” Wikipedia , https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/12/1447882 . Accessed 1 May 2024. [5]“Afghanistan: An entire population pushed into poverty.” International Rescue Committee , 9 August 2023, https://www.rescue.org/article/afghanistan-entire-population-pushed-poverty . Accessed 28 April 2024

Writer:Keilah Okumu While we often receive support and encouragement from our parents, how often do we reciprocate? In honour of Mental Health Awareness Month, Rights and Minds aims to shine a spotlight on a group often overlooked in conversations about Mental Health Awareness, our parents. Despite battling depression, anxiety, and distress, they often wear a brave facade to shield those around them. " You don’t have to be positive all the time. It’s perfectly okay to feel sad, angry, annoyed, frustrated, scared, and anxious. Having feelings doesn’t make you a negative person. It makes you human ." - Lori Deschene A quote at times quoted by parents in an attempt to comfort us, but when was the last time we offered similar support to our parents? As you read this, R&M looks at ways to initiate meaningful conversations about parents mental health and understand the issues that contribute to the poor mental health of parents, who have long carried the burdens silently. In this article, we'll focus on three main points; Trauma and Past Experiences, Financial Stress, and Work-Life Balance. If teenagers today grapple with various mental health challenges at home, it's probable that parents faced similar struggles in their youth. However, the understanding and acknowledgment of mental health issues differed significantly. While mental health awareness is more prevalent today, it was often neglected in the past. In previous generations, there was limited information about mental health, leading to ineffective treatment methods. Many viewed mental illness as a result of demonic possession or witchcraft  contributing to the stigmatisation and mistreatment of those suffering from mental health conditions. "The past can tick away inside us for decades like a silent time bomb, until it sets off a cellular message that lets us know that the body does not forget the past."  - Donna Jackson Nakazawa, Childhood Disrupted. Echoes From Childhood Have you ever wondered how one or more incidents in childhood can shape an adult's life? The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study reveals the hidden scars many carry from early abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction (e.g., parental substance abuse, domestic violence). Imagine an adult who grew up in a violent home. As a child, they witnessed their mother being abused and had to care for their siblings from an early age. How does a child cope with such heavy burdens? These painful experiences often lead to lifelong struggles with anxiety and depression. This is why we call it ‘Echoes From Childhood.’ These incidents can continue to affect an adult's relationships and career, casting a long shadow over their life. The ACE study found that 61% of adults experienced at least one ACE before turning 18, and 16% faced four or more. [1] Those with four or more ACEs are at a much higher risk of severe mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance abuse. The solution to breaking this cycle is early intervention, which can significantly improve lives. Yet, many adults and parents remain untreated, perpetuating the cycle of trauma.  Can we break this cycle? How many more must suffer before we take action?  It's up to us [You] to make a difference now, to ensure a better future for both today's children and tomorrow's adult. What If Money Were Made Of Trees? "What if money were made of trees?" This question sparks a vision of a world where financial  worries flutter away like leaves on a breeze. Although what I just stated was purely hypothetical, the reality is that many parents are burdened with stress and anxiety surrounding financial difficulties. In a world where basic necessities like food are increasingly difficult to afford, it begs the question: why are parents forced to provide their children with insufficient meals? Why are mothers and fathers expected to work tirelessly for wages that barely cover the cost of rent? And why has access to processed foods become more convenient than access to healthy options? Many struggle to secure suitable housing for their families, as rent prices often exceed the amount they earn from their jobs. This disparity between income and living expenses highlights systemic issues that need addressing to ensure families can afford basic necessities and live healthy, dignified lives. Financial stress weighs heavily on numerous parents. As of April 2023, a staggering 73% struggle to meet current expenses. These statistics underscore the overwhelming financial pressures faced by a significant portion of the global parent population. Balancing expenses such as utilities, tuition fees, and groceries proves daunting for most, particularly single-parent households.  "We expect women to work like they don’t have children, and raise children as if they don’t work. " - Amy Westervelt Can They Truly Have It All?  The concept of "doing it all" is a toxic mindset set by society to a lot of parents. Consider the expectations: securing employment to provide for their families, nurturing social connections, maintaining fulfilling relationships with their children, managing household chores, assisting with schoolwork, and the list goes on.  Nobody, not me nor you as a reader can truly understand how much it is to maintain all this, especially for single or immigrant parents navigating a foreign land alone, devoid of any support.   In this cycle, achieving true work life balance feels difficult to achieve.  It's time to reassess societal norms, where parents can thrive without sacrificing their well being. Notes: Together, we can celebrate this year's Mental Health Awareness Day by knowing we acknowledge and honoured  a group often overlooked; our parents. OUR solution We recommend helping out around the house with tasks like laundry or cleaning; it can make a tremendous difference. Maybe that small act of assistance just prevented your parents' breakdown. As a society we should lower the unrealistic standards we have towards our parents. Let’s stop expecting them to have everything under control and to be able to do everything.  When dealing with our parents, we must approach them with care and understanding; they're humans, just like us. We can start off by being more patient and understanding of our parents.  Let's not forget that our parents are navigating parenting for the first time, sacrificing a lot for their children and loved ones.

Head-writer: Taz Mekanuwongsa After years of waiting, advocating, and protesting, love has finally been recognized. June 18, 2024, marks an unforgettable milestone for LGBTQAI+ couples in Thailand, a testament to the nation's tireless commitment to equality and human rights advocacy.  Photo by   Sara Rampazzo  on   Unsplash The18h of June, 2024 marks a significant chapter for LGBTQAI+ couples in Thailand. This new chapter is moving the country’s commitment towards equality and human rights. The bill that passed came after years of advocacy by activists and major companies to legalise same sex marriage. This persistent effort had finally paid off bringing joy and relief amongst countless individuals and couples who had long awaited for their voices to be heard. Thailand’s decision to legalize same sex marriage is particularly impactful within the Asian context due to being the first Southeast Asian country to make this decision. This progressive movement can inspire and influence other countries within Asia to do the same and reevaluate their current discriminatory laws and practices creating a safer environment for LGBTQAI+ individuals.  In essence Thailand sends a powerful message to the world: love is love, and it can not be silenced Why Is The Legalization of Same Sex Marriage Something to Celebrate? The legalization of same-sex marriage ensures that LGBTQAI+ couples in Thailand now to have equal access to fundamental rights and privileges enjoyed by heterosexual couples. These include inheritance rights, the ability to adopt children, joint property ownership, access to spousal benefits such as healthcare and insurance, and more. This decision not only affirms the equal dignity of all relationships but also promotes a more inclusive and just society where love and commitment are recognized regardless of gender identity or sexual orientation.  It represents a significant step forward in the journey towards equality and human rights for all individuals in Thailand. As we conclude this month's article and this month pride, we must remember those whose love remains unrecognized, leading to punishment and even execution.  Love should not be restricted to a single type of love; it is a universal right. Message from R&M To the citizens of countries where your love is not yet recognized: “Love is universal and deserves to be celebrated equally by all. Your courage and resilience in the face of adversity are a testament to the strength of love itself. Keep hope alive; change will come. Together, we will advocate, educate, and uplift until every love story is celebrated equally under the law. Your love matters, your voice matters. Rights And Minds stand united with you until you can love freely and without fear.” Notes While we may not individually have the power to change laws as global citizens, we can always advocate for change. By uniting and supporting the LGBTQAI+ population globally.  At the end of the day, it's about fighting for what is right. Even love had to fight for its rights.